Nature Astronomy, Published online: 16 December 2024; doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02443-0

The sample numbers required to achieve a 95% confidence, with high precision, that Martian environments are lifeless can exceed many hundreds. This might not be achievable by sample return only and might require human explorers.

—————
Free Secure Email – Transcom Sigma
Transcom Hosting
Transcom Premium Domains